Facts About Parasaurolophus

Huntington s Disease And The Nervous System - 856 Words

Huntington’s disease, also known as Huntington’s chorea, is a rare pathology among the nervous system. With fewer than 200,000 US cases per year is an inherited condition in which nerve cells in the brain break down over a period of time. This disease will usually start to effect people when they are in their 30s or 40s. Huntington’s usually results in psychiatric symptoms, progressive movement and thinking. No cure to this disease exists but physical therapy, drugs, and talk therapy can help manage symptoms. Symptoms Huntington s disease for the most part causes movement, psychological and psychiatric disorders with a wide range of signs and symptoms. Which symptoms appear first is different with everybody. During the term of the disease, some symptoms will appear more dominant than others, and will have a much larger effect on functional mobility (Mayo staff). The most widely recognized psychiatric disorder connected with Huntington s disease is depression. This is not caused from receiving the diagnosis, but from the damage to the brain that the disease had caused and consecutive changes in the brain function. Other common psychiatric disorders associated with this disease can include Obsessive compulsive disorder, Mania, and Bi-polar disorder. Weight loss will also be added to those symptoms once the disease starts to progress and get more severe. The patient will also start to experience behavioral and physical changes as well. This can include loss of previouslyShow MoreRelatedHuntingtonS Di sease . Our Bodies And The Functions Of1381 Words   |  6 Pages Huntington s Disease Our bodies and the functions of our body parts work in cohesion. Some systems include but not limited too cardiovascular, urinary, respiratory, digestive, endocrine, reproductive, and most importantly the nervous system. The central nervous system consists of the brain and the spinal cord and the peripheral nervous system consist of all the nerves that branch off of the brain and spinal cord. With those systems we have the sensory division and the motor division alsoRead MoreDisorders of the Nervous System: Huntington’s disease800 Words   |  4 PagesDisorders of the Nervous System: Huntington’s disease Huntington’s disease destroys the organs that carry the functions of the central nervous system. Kalat (2013) states, â€Å"Huntington disease (also known as Huntington disease or Huntington’s Chorea) is a severe neurological disorder that strikes about 1 person in 10,000 in the United States† (A.B. Young, 1995, p. 258).Individual’s develop the symptoms in their middle age, but even if it is a rare disorders juveniles as well as children before theRead MoreThe Nervous System ( Cns ) Essay2025 Words   |  9 Pages The systems inside our body interact with each other in order for us to adapt to the changes inside and outside of our body. The human body is able to adjust and control the different organs, cells, and tissues by contacting the brain with electrical impulses which then goes onto adjust and reply to the signals to maintain the proper function of the body. Read MoreHuntington s Disease Is A Rare Progressive Genetic Disorder2026 Words   |  9 PagesHuntington s Chorea or Huntington s Disease is a rare progressive genetic disorder which afflicts roughly 7 out of every 100,000 people in North America (Rawlins, 2016, pp. 144–153). The disease manifests primarily in tissues of the brain, and affects the shutdown of many primary functions including speech, movement, and cognitive abilities. With a strong genetic component, there is a 50% chanc e of just one parent passing the gene linked with Huntington s Disease along to offspring; additionallyRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease And Dementia2089 Words   |  9 PagesAbstract This analysis of degenerative diseases covers four main diseases in today’s world, including: Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease and Dementia. Alzheimer’s is a degenerative form of dementia that attacks neurons causing the total or partial loss of memory, thinking abilities, language skills, and basic behaviors. Parkinson’s is a progressive disease that targets the central nervous system. Generally the disease will cause tremors, loss of coordination, paralysisRead MoreReflection On My Genius Hour Project1212 Words   |  5 PagesThe human brain manages much of our quotidian lifestyles. The central nervous system and sensory receptors in the eyes, ears, and skin are the nerves that help us to smell, see, and feel. The brain interestingly enough nonetheless also has its quirks. Many learning disabilities, diseases, and tumors may appear inside the human Brain. It is the job of the neurologist to study and prescrib e treatment in all areas of the nervous system which sometimes can be difficult according to what Ida America statesRead MoreDevelopment Of The Mammalian Central Nervous System Essay738 Words   |  3 PagesDuring normal development of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS), neural stem cells (NSC) give rise to neurons via process of neurogenesis (Kempermann et al., 2004; Zhao et al., 2008). Neurogenesis normally occurs in dentate gyrus (DG) region of the hippocampus and lateral ventricle of sub-ventricular zone (SVZ) (Zhao et al., 2008). Hippocampal neurogenesis plays pivotal role in neurologic and psychiatric disorder like epilepsy, depression, schizophrenia and mood disorders (Antonova et alRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Huntington s Disease2653 Words   |  11 PagesHuntington’s disease INTRODUCTION AIM The aim of this project is to discuss the various components that shape Huntington’s disease. The efficiency of this paper will depend heavily on a brief but, comprehensive examination of past and future research that may offer plausible suggestions and explanations to the following four subtopics; the history of Huntington’s disease, anticipation and genetic markers of Huntington’s disease, symptoms and treatment of Huntington’s disease and finally livingRead MoreCase Study : Voyager Therapeutics, Inc.822 Words   |  4 PagesVOYAGER THERAPEUTICS, INC. is a growing Clinical stage Gene Therapy Company. The main focus of this company is based on developing life changing treatments for patients suffering from various types of disease associated with central nervous system or CNS. The gene therapy is called AAV or adeno-associated virus, which is a therapeutic approach to alter the expression of a specific protein, thereby reducing the symptom experienced by patients, and that, will have a clinically meaningful impact onRead MoreInternational Pharmaceutical Industry : Marketing, And Sale Of Drugs For The Treatment Of Disorders Essay737 Words   |  3 PagesH. Lundbeck A/S is a Danish international pharmaceutical company engaged in the research and development, production, marketing, and sale of drugs for the treatment of disorders in the central nervous system (CNS), including depression, schizophrenia, Alzheimer s disease, Parkinson s disease, Huntington s disease, epilepsy and insomnia. Lundbeck is headquartered in Copenhagen, Denmark. It has production facilities in Denmark, Italy and France and is present in 57 countries. It has around 5.500

Calorie Intake Free Essays

My calorie intake for the three days isn’t appropriate. I documented each item I ate, surprisingly it wasn’t as high as I imagined it to be. I thought it would be a lot higher because I don’t watch what I eat Eke I should. We will write a custom essay sample on Calorie Intake or any similar topic only for you Order Now My calorie intake should be about 2000 and it was around 2869 on day 1. Even though I went over 869 calories each calorie can affect the body. Calories will affect weight, health, and energy levels. If a person eats more than they burn they gain weight. Same If someone burns more than they eat they will lose wait. Just as If someone eats as much as they burn then they eat the weight will remain the same. If someone calorie intakes too low it may cause reduced muscle mass (Calorie Explained). If there are no food energy sources to keep the vital organs functioning it uses the muscle mass for energy, so it will make the person feel sluggish and tired. A high calorie diet puts stress on the body. It can increase the risk of diabetes, heart disease, and length of life. As I mentioned earlier about muscle mass the body mass Index or IBM allows anyone to figure out their body mass according to their weight and height (Merriam Webster). My IBM is 17. 5(Calculate Body Mass index). It is considered underweight, but I am still healthy a small frame runs in my family. However if it wasn’t hereditary I would try to find way to boost my IBM to a normal range of 18. 5. B. The DIR for each nutrient over the three days that I record what I ate†¦.. The DIR for carbohydrates was 130, It was being 75 and 300 percent. The DIR for fiber was 25, and was between 75 and 300 percent. Linoleum Acids DIR was 12 and It was less than 75%. To increase my DIR I would try to eat chicken or pizza. Cholesterol was 30 and the percent was less than 75%. TO increase cholesterol DIR I would try and eat more eggs or sausage. Calcium is 1000 and it was between 75 and 300 percent. Sodium was 1500 and less than 75%. To help increase my sodium intake I would try to eat bacon In the morning or cheese as a snack. Copper Is 900 and between 75 and 300 percent. Iron DIR Is 18 and was between 75 and 300%. Magnesium Is 310 and between 75-300%. Selenium Is 55 and less than 75%. To Increase selenium I could eat more whole grains or eat more fish. Zinc is 8 and less than 75%. To help increase zinc I could eat more spinach or prop. Vitamin A is 700 and between 75-300%. 6 is 1. And less than 75%. 812 is 2. 4 is less than 75%. Eating bananas or lean pork would help increase 8†³Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ DIR. Vitamin C Is 75 is less than 75%. I could try to eat more strawberries and oranges to raise Valiant C DIR. Vitamin D Is 25 and between 75 and 300%. Vitamin E Is 15 and between 75 and 300%. Vitamin K Is 90 Is less than 75%. Trying to eat more beans and strawberri es to increase DIR of Vitamin K. Foliate is 400 and is between 75 and 300%. Thiamin is 1. 1 and less than 75%. Eating more bread and nuts can increase DIR. Niacin is 14 and less than 75%. I can eat more chicken and peanuts to increase level. Cooling is 425 and is between 75-300%. Potassium is 4700 and over 300%. If your body has to much potassium It can lead to hyperemia. Phosphorus was 700 and over 300%. Too much LLC. Some changes in my diet that I could make would be choosing something more healthy as a substitute for the unhealthy item. Instead of ranch and butter on a bake potato I could pass on that and Just eat the bake potato as is. Also, before I throw mayo. On a slice of bread try to replace it with mustard. My intake of saturated fat was 1 1. 67% which is a little high. Considering it should be around or less than 10% of total calories. If it was much higher than that it would be a concern of mine because trans/saturated fat is considered the worst type of fat by some doctors. This type so fat will raise the â€Å"bad† cholesterol, OLD, and lower the good cholesterol, HAD, in your body. A combination of the two cholesterol being altered can increase many health risk such as heart disease. 2. With that being said I can take steps in the right direction to make more healthy choices and have a healthier life style. I could switch from red meat to strictly sea food. I would eliminate things such as steak from my diet, to lower cholesterol, that would lead too serious of problems. One problem resulting from a lot of red meat in the diet and the level of cholesterol being raised would be heart disease. Another problem with red meat is it is linked to colon cancer (Dry. Sears). A change I could make other than red meat would be to take more vitamins to insure I get the recommended amount for each vitamin. I don’t drink a lot of milk so I don’t get the vitamin D I should. Taking a vitamin D pill or putting milk would help so later on in life I don’t develop osteoporosis or something of that nature. The hardest of changes for me would be not to cook in or eat foods that have been cooked in oil. How to cite Calorie Intake, Papers

Conflict Management and Negotiation Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Conflict Management and Negotiation. Answer: The Zopa range is the possible area or zone within which the two parties can reach to any mutual agreement. Anything or any decision outside this range will never lead to any mutual agreement (Patel and Rubin 2016). Thus, a rage can be creating in Zopa at a place where both the parties will reach to a decision (Caputo et al. 2017). Zopa is created when there is overlap of decision in which the negotiators can reach any decision. However, there are two types of negotiations such as integrative and distributive negotiators (Kamel 2014). The negotiators can apply certain strategies to claim the wider range and higher proportion of Zopa. First way by a person or company can claim higher Zopa is by carrying out distributive negotiations. In this type of negotiation, a person has the chance to convince the other person about their reservation price is very close to the other person then they can claim a higher share of value (Vukovi? 2015). Next strategy by which one can claim for higher Z opa is by learning about superior information about the company. Knowing about the product, market, buyers and sellers and others will be helpful for the company to claim more value of Zopa. It will help the company in coming out of the narrow Zopa while negotiating about the matter and to conduct distributive negotiation effectively. The next strategy is to adopt integrated negotiation. It is a strategy in which both the party integrates and get to a win-win solution. It is a strategy to develop mutually agreement (Rodrigues 2015). However, convincing power again plays an important role in these negotiations. The more you convince the more you can claim your share in a Zopa. Thus, three strategies one can use in a negotiation while in a Zopa to claim a higher share of value compared to the other person. References Caputo, A., Pellegrini, M.M., Valenza, G. and Zarone, V., 2017. Conflict management and negotiation in family business succession: Critical Literature Review and research agenda. Kamel, M.S., 2014. International Monetary and Financial Negotiations in Times of Crises: The G20 Pittsburgh Summit 2009.International Negotiation,19(1), pp.154-188. Patel, B.N. and Rubin, G.D., 2016. Deal or no deal? Negotiation 101.Journal of the American College of Radiology,13(6), pp.756-758. Rodrigues, A.A., 2015.Dismissing a CFO(Doctoral dissertation). Vukovi?, S., 2015. Soft Power, Bias and Manipulation of International Organizations in International Mediation.International Negotiation,20(3), pp.414-443.

How Fake News Use Satire as a Medium to Address Issues on Racism

Racism is one of the social evils that have been fought in the American society for many years (Amarasingam, 2011). Journalists have come out with ways of presenting fake news, especially through comedy shows in order to bring to light some of the injustices that have not been reported adequately by the mainstream newsrooms (Goodnow, 2011).Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on How Fake News Use Satire as a Medium to Address Issues on Racism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More One such fake news that is politically instigated is Jon Stewart from Comedy Central’s The Daily Show. The comedy discusses how a murder suspect went without any punishment for the crime of murder although it was clear that he killed someone. This show tries to bring out the fact that mainstream news are sometimes unable to capture the truth about some issues they report on, especially those that are sensitive in national cohesion. In th is show, Jon Stewart is anchoring news on this murder issue. Jon Stewart selects some episodes as reported by the mainstream news, and makes the audience understand how some of the most important aspects of news are always ignored by the media. The show offers a critique of authority by challenging the decision that was made by the jury. Although the show is very humorous, it presents a serious political communication. It talks about a case where justice is tampered with because of the racial conflict that has affected this country for a very long time. It is a fact that Michael Dunn killed Jordan Davis (Stewart, 2014). Although he claimed that the boy had a gun, the claim could not be confirmed because no gun was found on the teenager. This is brought out more clearly in the comedy show than it was brought out in the mainstream news. According to Gournelos and Greene (2011) some comedy shows uses satire to interrogate power. For instance, Michael Dunn claimed that he had trouble wi th his ear, and the loud music affected him.Advertising Looking for term paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The show questions how he was able to withstand the blast of ten gunshots fired by him even when it was clear that the boys were trying to escape. It is ironical that he was able to withstand the sound. With the help of a satire, the show also emphasizes on the glaring lie made by Michael that the boys attacked him. Michael claimed that he was attacked by the teenagers. However, even after the teenagers had taken off in their car, he continued shooting at them. This was not an act of self-defense, but a malicious attempt to kill the teenagers, especially after it was confirmed that the teenagers had no gun. The comedy show also uses parody in order to bring out humor in the case. Michael stated that he had a problem with the left ear. When asked which ear was affected by the loud music, he po inted at the right ear. This is hilarious because it would be expected that the ear with the problem would be hurt. The decision that was finally made by the jury in itself is also a mockery of justice, and this comedy show presents it effectively using parody. Even after the evidence that the murder was malicious, Michael was not convicted of this crime. Instead, he was sent to jail for trying to kill the other teenagers who survived the wrath of shootings. The comedy show brings out the injustice at the court of law in an authoritative but hilarious manner. References Amarasingam, A. (2011). The Stewart/Colbert Effect: Essays on the Real Impacts of Fake News. Jefferson: McFarland Co., Publishers.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on How Fake News Use Satire as a Medium to Address Issues on Racism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Goodnow, T. (2011). The Daily Show and Rhetoric: Arguments, Issues, and Strategie s. Lanham: Rowman Littlefield Pub. Group. Gournelos, T., Greene, V. (2011). A decade of dark humor: How comedy, irony, and satire shaped post-9/11 America. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. Stewart, J. (Director). (2012). From Comedy Central’s the Daily Show Discusses Michael Dunn and Jordan Davis (Motion Picture). The United States: Law Offices of John M. Phillips. This term paper on How Fake News Use Satire as a Medium to Address Issues on Racism was written and submitted by user Brylee Franklin to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Snow Falling On Cedars

Snow Falling on Cedars, David Guterson’s mystery-suspense novel, provides an immaculate interpretation of a small American coastal island’s trial to conquer and expel the ongoing dogmatic narrow-mindedness synonymous with its inhabitants. A novel of love and destruction, Snow Falling on Cedars is satiated with underlying plots and morally exigent themes. {Guterson’s novel interweaves realistic interpretations with romantic accents to fuse these subplots, together with a role-playing setting, into one watertight mystery romance.} The small community associated with San Piedro Island, recently stricken with the misfortune of a mysterious drowning, soon realizes a more complex situation. Murder shortly becomes a possibility, and the unforgotten love affair between a white man and the wife of the accused Kabuo Miyamo seems to rise once again to the surface of an already nervous ocean of underlying conflict contiguous to the American and Japanese-American races. This conflict, though not visible to tourist mindsets, has been subliminally effervescent since the mistreatment of the Japanese Americans during World War II, and its dormancy beneath the everyday smiling faces of Japanese and American bystanders is awakened heightening tension in the small island community. This recently catalyzed restlessness in the community draws an amount of dauntingly familiar reminiscence upon the history of the Island, and contemplates once again the idea of racial superiority and prejudice, be it American or Japanese-American. Snow Falling On Cedars is crawling with decidedly vivid setting descriptions, sometimes with hidden meanings, which contribute to the intelligence of the novel. â€Å"It was precisely the sort of home Carl would build, he thought – blunt, tidy, gruffly respectable, and offering no affront to the world, though at the same time inviting nobody. It sat back fifty yards from the road on three acres of alfalfa, strawberries, r... Free Essays on Snow Falling On Cedars Free Essays on Snow Falling On Cedars Snow Falling on Cedars, David Guterson’s mystery-suspense novel, provides an immaculate interpretation of a small American coastal island’s trial to conquer and expel the ongoing dogmatic narrow-mindedness synonymous with its inhabitants. A novel of love and destruction, Snow Falling on Cedars is satiated with underlying plots and morally exigent themes. {Guterson’s novel interweaves realistic interpretations with romantic accents to fuse these subplots, together with a role-playing setting, into one watertight mystery romance.} The small community associated with San Piedro Island, recently stricken with the misfortune of a mysterious drowning, soon realizes a more complex situation. Murder shortly becomes a possibility, and the unforgotten love affair between a white man and the wife of the accused Kabuo Miyamo seems to rise once again to the surface of an already nervous ocean of underlying conflict contiguous to the American and Japanese-American races. This conflict, though not visible to tourist mindsets, has been subliminally effervescent since the mistreatment of the Japanese Americans during World War II, and its dormancy beneath the everyday smiling faces of Japanese and American bystanders is awakened heightening tension in the small island community. This recently catalyzed restlessness in the community draws an amount of dauntingly familiar reminiscence upon the history of the Island, and contemplates once again the idea of racial superiority and prejudice, be it American or Japanese-American. Snow Falling On Cedars is crawling with decidedly vivid setting descriptions, sometimes with hidden meanings, which contribute to the intelligence of the novel. â€Å"It was precisely the sort of home Carl would build, he thought – blunt, tidy, gruffly respectable, and offering no affront to the world, though at the same time inviting nobody. It sat back fifty yards from the road on three acres of alfalfa, strawberries, r...

What does Volkswagens CSR(corporate social responsibility) history say Essay

What does Volkswagens CSR(corporate social responsibility) history say about the company as a brand and what does the future hold for Europes leading car manufa - Essay Example ides the private sector the company successfully operates of the sector of commercial vehicle, selling spans pick ups, busses and heavy trucks (Volkswagen, 2007). The main market of VW is naturally Europe but its brands successfully operate on the international market as well. Thus, company’s second largest market is China, where Volkswagen Group China can be called the Second largest Joint venture automaker. VW AG occupies a large part of the automaker industry and in 2006 is was reported to have a 9,7  % share of the passenger car market in the world, having sold 5.734 million cars compared with the 5.243 million in 2005 (Volkswagen, 2007). It estimated by the researchers that 19.9  % of cars, i.e. every fifth car, purchased in Western Europe, were produced by VW AG. Company shows good financial activities, having increased its group sales from 95.3 billion Euros in 2005 to 104.9 billion in 2006 (Volkswagen, 2007). As stated in the company profile the primary goal of the Company is to â€Å"offer attractive, safe and environmentally sound vehicles which are competitive on an increasingly tough market and which set world standards in their respective classes† (Volkswagen, 2007). In this paper I’ll try to present the company profile. I’ll recall the main historic facts about the company; describe its market policy and corporate social responsibility strategy. The issue of CSR is quite new and acquired its importance not as long as 30 years ago. First, corporate social reduced only to financial reimbursement of the company to its shareholders. However, soon it became apparently not enough and corporate responsibility developed a wider range of policies and actions. Nowadays, there are quite many definitions of CSR. We will mention those, which are most popular. Keith Davis definition related corporate social responsibility to company’s â€Å"decisions and actions taken for reasons at least partially beyond the firm’s direct economic or technical

The Development of Sustainable Energy Sources in the United States Essay

The Development of Sustainable Energy Sources in the United States - Essay Example Glaciers have been melting and shrinking, weather patterns are changing, sea levels and rising, mosquitoes are spreading and corals are dying from the acidification and warming of the oceans and seas (Hansen et al., 2008, p16). According to Hansen et al. (2008), the world needs to lower the carbon dioxide level in the atmosphere by 350 ppm or lower in order to avoid further- and possibly catastrophic effects of climate change (p16). While other people may see such re-orientation of the power industry as an unnecessary and expensive push, I say that it is about time that the United States does its share in the global effort to mitigate climate change and its effects. In fact, such step is, from the global political perspective, long overdue. The United States has consistently avoided signing binding treaties on climate change mitigation. There is a certain level of global consensus, evident in the Kyoto Protocol, that developed nations must bear a heavier responsibility in reducing their greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) as a result of more than a century of industrial activity. However, the United States (U.S.), as major world superpower refused to ratify the Kyoto Protocol, an international agreement which binded 37 industrialized countries and the European community in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2005. In the Copenhagen Accord, the U.S. only committed a 4% reduction of GHGs from 1990 levels by 202 0 (Biello, 2010, paragraph 1) a targeted way below the commitment of other countries such as China, Brazil and the European Union (paragraph 3). From a business- and rational economic perspective, investing in the development of new energy sources and abandoning oil reserves in the Gulf Coast and in Alaska may easily be seen as wasteful, and even risky. However, given the fact that fossil fuels are finite resources, the country has no choice but to develop renewable energy sources that could replace existing energy sources before the latter  totally becomes depleted.  

Information Technology in Contemporary Business Annotated Bibliography

Information Technology in Contemporary Business - Annotated Bibliography Example Coulson-Thomas believes: 'IT departments need to rise above equipping people to use standard corporate technologies and help key workgroups such as bid teams working on critical tasks to be more effective. Rather than spend money on infrastructure IT directors need to become more involved in revenue earning activities.' But the major problem comes out to summarizing the cost within all the departments in an organization. It comes to the count of what should be the different cost for an individual department within an organization. For any individual IT department, it requires the setup cost, with other departments as because all the departments need to make proper links with the IT department. If an organization is organized with five or six departments, then, there must have an IT department that will serve for the IT department. ...The costs of such service departments must be allocated to the production departments, which in turn will allocate them to the product. It is known that one can view the cost allocation problem as a fascinating Markov process, with the production departments as the absorbing states and the service departments as the transient states. Using Markov analysis, we will show that this yields additional insight into the underlying concept of reciprocal service department cost allocation by proving that the "full service" department costs can be used to determine the price that should be paid to an external supplier of the same service currently supplied by the service department."So far, it has a similarity with a quote that should be in mind that if the whole cost is not owed within all the departments, as per its self usages of the department by prefix schedule of target budget, they must take all the advantages of the benefits of IT resources. These sounds can be found here if we consider another example for an IT department, we can say, "Any organization can develop an IT department, getting profit developing IT department is the hard part." Nevertheless, operating a profitable IT department can be achieved with appropriate management routines in place. Determining your Cost of Goods Sold (COGS), tracking purchases and sales, and attending to the spending habits of your customers are the fundamentals of every successful IT departments.

Issues facing european low cost airlines

Issues facing european low cost airlines As predicted in the beginning of the millennium year by the International Air Transport Association, the low cost airline sector has grown at a rapid pace during the last decade from carrying 6.3% of the domestic and international passengers within Europe in 1999 predicting to increase to 16-18% in 2005 and has become the order of day in Europe. Although the European airline sector was dominated by flag carriers such as British Airways, Lufthansa, Air France etc. with a share of 70%, this fact transformed with the deregulations coming into effect, increasing the need for an optimal model of operation. That is, as the average airfares in the low-cost airlines sector account for just 3% of the average monthly EU industrial wage, customers turned towards these airline services (Datta Chakravarty, n.d). 3.0 Ryanair Profile in brief Ryanair Airlines, founded by the Ryan family was initially a full service conventional airline in 1985 which was introduced as an alternative travelling between Ireland and the UK to then state monopoly Aer Lingus. However due to financial issues it successfully restructured itself in early 1990s as the first low-fares, no frills carrier in Europe modeling based on Southwest Airlines. The responsibility of Ryanair was taken over by a management team lead by Michael OLeary and was soon floated on both Dublin and London Stock Exchanges in 1997 and admitted among NASDAQ 100 (OHiggins, 2007). Ryanair as a leading low-fares airline offers cheap flights to 150 destinations up-to-date along 1000 low cost routes and provide its customers with cheap and fast air travel excluding fuel surcharges with 100% possibility for online check-ins (Ryanair website, n.d). Although Ryanair has not published its vision and mission clearly, they look to find the big picture and set a broad direction and OLearys direction is to be the largest Low Cost Leader in the European airline industry. This vision is supported by absolute dedication to low cost performance in every element of the value chain, quick gate turnarounds, nonunion operations, performance-based incentive compensation plans, standardization on one type of aircraft, and flying (in most cases) to secondary airports, which provides significant savings for Ryanair (Box Byus, 2007). 4.0 Internal Analysis 4.1 Organizations Strategic Capability Analysis Ryanair has positioned itself as the largest low-fares carrier in Europe and as a business which returns value for money to its fare-concuious leisure and business customers. That is, as Ryanair explains, At Ryanair we guarantee you the lowest air fares on the internet. However our success is due not just to our low fares but also a winning combination of our No.1 on-time record, our friendly and efficient people and our new Boeing 737-800 series aircraft (Puget, 2003) which all add up to its value. Its ancillary services improve its value which is 13% of the total revenue. Although there are low-fares airline services in the European market due to the effectiveness of Ryanair it has been able to become market leader with 29.9% of market share in 2006. Their competitors have not been able to effectively copy the low cost strategy and usage of secondary and regional airports. Inimitable Organised Ryanair holds its uniqueness in its operating strategy which is based on low-cost. It adopts point-to-point flights to secondary or regional airports which no other service follows and occupies a one-way pricing policy which eliminates direct comparison with competitors (Ryanair, n.d). Ryanair is well organized within its low-cost strategy. It offers 100% online check-ins and flies to 150 European destinations along 1000 routes. There is no physical check in where passenger is required to forward his passport and reference number (Marketing Teacher Ltd, n.d). It has one-way pricing strategy which eliminates minimum stay requirements within airports (Ryanair, n.d). Valuable Rare 4.2 Company Resources The resources of Ryanair could be categorized and explained according to the following. Type Ryanair resources Physical resources Head office at Dublin airport Ireland 202 Boeing 737-800 aircrafts with 189 capacity 150 destinations through 1000 routes (as at 2010 April) Financial resources Total assets worth à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬4,634.2 million Shareholder equity of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬1,992 million Total operating revenues worth à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬1,693 million (all as at 2006 March) Human Resource Over 6,300 employees (2008) CEO Michel OLeary Intellectual resources Market share of 29.9% (2006) Customer base of 34.9 million (2006) Largest travel website in Europe The fifth most recognized brand on Google Most profitable airline in the world based on operating and net profit margins on a per-airplane and per-passenger basis (2006) 4.3 Company Competencies No frill, low cost leadership could be considered the most significant aspect of Ryanair and thereby cater from low to middle level customers The ancillary revenue methods such as accommodation services, care rental, in-flight sales etc. which add up to 15.3% (2006) which had a 36% increase during 2005-2006 Possessing the preemptive advantage and being the market leader provides opportunity to expand into other markets including USA, Asia and Africa. Allowing internet access to its consumers leads to elevate sales and reduce the per-units cost Point-to-point short haul flights and usage of secondary and regional airports reduce passenger congestion and thereby avoid high airport charges. The personality of Michel OLeary has a great impact on the success of Ryanair where he personally looks into unique marketing strategies. 4.0 Industry Analysis 4.1 Porters Five Forces 4.1.1 Competitor rivalry -High and increasing The direct and main low-cost competitors of Ryanair include easyJet, Air Berlin, Germanwings, Lufthansa and Tranavia and the industry was joined by approximately 60 new low-cost airlines in 2004 (Experience Festival, n.d). A major reason for the development of this sector was the airline deregulation in 1997 due to which many companies were attracted towards the industry. This resulted in full-service airlines adopting the low-cost strategy eg. Aer Lingus 2002. The economical recession increased the aggressiveness of all competitors as they were compelled to survive in the market which resulted in frequent flyer programmes by many competing businesses including Lufthansa, Aer Lingus etc (flyertalk, n.d). However the attractiveness of the industry is high for Ryanair due to its low-cost structure, use of secondary airports and first-mover advantage along with experience of almost 2 decades. 4.1.2 Threat of new entrants Moderate Although it is accepted that the European budget airline industry is healthy with huge potential and incremental growth, the effect on Ryanair from new entrants could be considered as moderate due to its position in the market, its strong brand name and economies of scale achieved with time. For instance, Ryanair saved 42.6% of marketing and distribution costs through direct bookings in 2002 (Brophy George, 2003). Although the deregulation practices minimized the barriers of entering the industry challenging the market leader would consume both time and resources of the new companies. 4.1.3 Bargaining power of suppliers Low to Moderate Types of suppliers of Ryanair would mainly be fuel suppliers, aircraft suppliers, airport authorities and suppliers of support services. Travel agents would not count at present due to on line bookings. Ryanair has no control on fuel prices which is totally governed by world trade and Middle Eastern countries. However it has a very healthy relationship with the main aeroplane supplier, Boeing (Brophy George, 2003) which also provides the company with ancillary goods and services including technical support and training, spare parts support, training of flight crew etc. Accordingly it could be said that the power of suppliers is at low to moderate level. Eg. Ryanair cancelled its contract with OnAir, the supplier of the on board mobile communication service due to financial issues (Robertson, 2010). 4.1.4 Bargaining power of consumers High The passenger base of Ryanair was 34.9 million in 2006 and 58.5 million in 2008 (Ryanair, n.d) and increasing due to recessionary effects and current recovery stage resulting in attraction towards low-cost air travel. As Brophy and George (2003) explain, the power of buyers depends on standardization of product, elasticity of demand, brand identity and the quality of service. The switching cost is very low for customers due to the parity of services and online bookings. Accordingly Ryanair is compelled to practice competitive pricing. 4.1.5 Threat of substitutes Low to Moderate The major substitutes for air travel in Europe are rail, road and to some extent boat travel. With advantages such as ability of localization, easier accessibility along with safety railway is significant but may take longer to reach the destination. Ryanair with its low-fare structure is comparatively cheaper than railway which directly substitutes its services through excellent continental services. Road travel would provide similar benefits but Ryanair could overcome it through emphasizing on effective short haul schedules. Development in communication could also be a threat to some extent as business professionals could communicate through video conference etc. from one corner of the world to the other instantly sitting at their office desks. 5.0 Macro-environmental analysis 5.1 PESTEL analysis 5.1.1 Political Government laws and regulations regarding increase of airport landing charges The law for carbon emissions passed by the government on the aviation industry charging environmental taxes EU regulation to reduce the inconvenience caused to passengers by delays, cancellations and denied boarding where airlines are to provide standardized and immediate assistance to them Severe security measures imposed by UK authorities due to terrorist attacks 5.1.2 Economical Real GDP growth rate of EU at a reducing trend since 2007 -4.2% in 2009 (eurostat, n.d) Reduction in inflation rate of the EU from 3.7% in 2008 to 1.0% in 2009 (eurostat, n.d) Recessionary effects and current practices for recovery and depreciation of the US dollar 5.1.3 Social Increase in numbers of business travellers Negative perceptions on air travel due to safety issues Attraction to low-cost airlines after the economic recession 5.1.4 Technology Internet competition for online bookings Fuel efficiency, low carbon emissions and low noise emissions from Boeing aircrafts Other technological expansions e.g. Web sales 5.1.5 Environmental Cancellation of thousands of flights due to spread of volcanic ash from Iceland Strict regulations on carbon emissions Considerations on global warming and noise pollution 5.1.6 Legal Laws relating to airport charges and route policies Safety measures taken by governments due to terrorism regarding passengers and airline staff Regulation regarding misleading advertising 6.0 SWOT Analysis 6.1 Strengths Brand image and reputation Ryanair possesses the privilege of being the initial company to the low-fare air travel industry in Europe and thereby has the advantage of being the First Mover or preemptive mover. Most importantly as the market leader Ryanair presents its brand as a bundle of functional benefits including punctuality and efficiency (Puget, 2003). Pricing strategy As the first low-fares airline in Europe their pricing strategy was extremely unique where 70% of the seats are sold at lowest two fares and the rest is at higher prices with 6% sold at the highest and customers are ruled out of fuel surcharges (Marketing Teacher Ltd, n.d). Customers are content with the aspect of value for money and best prices compared to other competing airlines. Marketing strategy They utilize adverts which basically communicate the low-fares factor to its customers. Mostly they use controversy as their promotion method where for instance, bidding to purchase Aer Lingus, the Irish rival of Ryanair, charging  £1 per person for the use of washroom on board from 2010 (Crouthamel 2010), publishing controversy calendars with female cabin crew for charity purposes etc. Also another important factor is the ancillary services or non-flight scheduled services such as hotels, car hires, in-flight sales etc. 6.2 Weaknesses Cost Structure Ryanair is at continuous attempt to reduce costs at any possible situation and therefore it has a negative impact on customer satisfaction due to this high cost consciousness. According to a poll by TripAdvisor in 2006 Ryanair was voted as the worlds least favourite airline and Ryanair is ranked as a 2 Star low-cost airline by airlinequality.com (n.d) which also explains the negative perspective of customers about low quality. Also this cost structure is constantly challenged by the fluctuations of fuel prices. Staff issues Ryanair scores low regarding industrial relations where they are alleged of providing poor working conditions. Ryanair recruit young pilots who could work hard and with experience and knowledge gathered at Ryanair they tend to move on as a result of low commitment. 6.3 Opportunities Expansion to the USA The low-fares structure is not common in the US as it is in Europe and therefore Ryanair would be the first mover to the US domestic airline market as it plans to extend itself under a different brand for long haul flights between US and Europe (McGrath, 2007). It is said that Ryanair would be the cheapest USA flights in history and its popularity and success in Europe would spill over to the new brand. Recession Price has become an extremely important factor in making purchase decisions and therefore Ryanair could score due to its low-fares nature during and at the aftermath of the global economic recession. The grid (Appendix B) illustrates the increased demand towards Ryanair where its passenger numbers has grown by 13% from 2007-2008. New aircrafts and focus on business professionals Ryanair currently owns 189 Boeing 737-800 which are more environmental friendly and larger in capacity. Also discussions are underway for an order for 200-300 aircrafts for 2013-2016 requirements (centre for aviation, 2009). Also with changes in the business world and focus on countries such as China and USA the demand for long haul flights have increased. 6.4 Threats Fuel prices and other charges As Ryanair does not pass on fuel surcharges to its customers, the unpredictability in fuel prices and inexperience in effective hedging compared to its competitors it is at risk of continuing with lowering costs. Also increase in airport and handling charges and route charges due to expansion would also threaten its cost structure. Political influence As Ryanair operates in more than one country it is influenced by various legal requirements which are different to one another and therefore faces difficulties in standardizing processes and practices. 7.0 Recommendations Considering a much more structured marketing strategy which does not depend on controversy publicity. Taking measures to reduce negative publicity through practicing CSR projects and demonstrating ethical behaviour moving away from merely being profit conscious Proving customers with benefits of the low-cost structure through effective customer service which would increase numbers and thereby would positively affect profit margins although costs may increase in the process. 8.0 Conclusion Ryanair as the largest low-fares carrier and the market leader of the European budget airline market has been able to succeed due to its unique and out-of-the-box thinking. With a high rate of rivalry within the industry with big players such as easyJet, Lufthansa, Air France practicing competitive strategies time-to-time Ryanair is required to follow the correct strategies in order to remain at its throne. Accordingly effective analysis of its internal, external and industrial aspects would increase its possibilities. Ryanair with its low-cost strategy and powerful brand reputation could match its strengths with the opportunities in the market, especially those which have arisen due to the economical downturn increasing the demand for low-cost travel. Furthermore, due to its capabilities the industry attractiveness is at a high level for Ryanair. However the business is at a spotlight due to its controversy practices which they utilize as a means of publicity could negatively affect its brand in the long run and therefore should take steps to reduce these effects.

The Beatles Essay -- essays research papers

The Beatles There have been more books published about one 20th century icon than any other, this band that is said to have broken down barriers in all ways, is the Beatles. Their music was said to have driven that younger generation mad. Perhaps it was because they were one of the first bands ever play real rock and roll music; or maybe it was those cute little peacoats they wore. Or maybe it was just because they were foreigners in the world of music, yet seemed to fit right in with the young people. Whatever reason was, the Beatles were a band that shaped a generation and ones soon to come. The Beatles were more than just a rock and roll band , they were a group of young men who wanted to go a new direction in music. John Lennon, one of lead vocalists, basically started with the intention of moving away from the "Skiffle Boom Era" which was dominating the time. In his doing so, he began to lay the foundation for what would later be the most famous rock band ever. The original band members were as follows : John Lennon, vocals and guitar ; Paul McCartney, vocals ; George Harrison, guitar ; Pete Best, drums ; Stuart Sutcliffe, bass guitar. In March of 1961, the Beatles began to play at the club that would later be nicknamed "The Home of the Beatles". The Cavern Club, which's premises comprised a small group of cellars below a seven story warehouse which had originally been used as an air raid shelter during the war. Later, Alan Sytner, a jazz fan dec...